Category Archives: Resource Library

Peptide metabolism: Identification of Metabolite structures of GLP-1 receptor agonists in different in-vitro systems using high resolution mass spectrometry

64th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Antonio, TX (United States of America) … 05 June 2016 

 

Abstract

Introduction  

Peptide drugs are an important class of therapeutics under investigation in various pharmaceutical companies. Assessment of peptide stability in vitro, the identification of cleavage sites and structure elucidation of degradation products are important tasks of drug metabolism scientists. However, most in vitro systems established to investigate metabolism of small molecules (e.g., microsomes) are not relevant for peptides because most peptides show low cell membrane permeability and are subject to hydrolysis by enzymes expressed on epithelial cell surfaces. In addition to relevant in vitro systems, appropriate mass spectrometry approaches and tailored software tools are required due to the higher molecular weight, presence of multiple-charge stages upon electrospray ionization and increasing molecular complexity (modified amino acids, cyclisation etc.) of peptide drug candidates.  

 

Methods  

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, (GLP-1) and three analogs (taspoglutide, liraglutide, exenatide) were incubated with the human recombinantly expressed enzymes dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-4) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) as well as with various cellular systems, namely primary and immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cells), TERT1-immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs-TERT1 cells) and human hepatocytes. Samples were analyzed up to 24 hours using a Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer in data dependent scan mode. The mass inclusion list set-up (up to z = 5) and the post-acquisition data analyses were performed using the recently introduced peptide mode integrated in MassMetaSite (MMS 3.2.0). MMS extracted metabolite peaks and interpreted MS/MS fragmentation to provide structural proposals. The results were reviewed using WebMetabase (version 3.1.4).  

 

Preliminary Data  

The peptide mode of the MassMetaSite software was successfully applied to process full scan HRMS data to detect and identify metabolites of 4 model peptides. MMS proposed definitive metabolite structures to the identified metabolite peaks based on the interpretation of MS2 fragmentation data. Based on these metabolite structures, peptide bond cleavage sites could be demonstrated. WebMetabase was able to sort and match metabolites based on retention time and MS2 fragmentation across the different in vitro experiments resulting in an efficient workflow to compile results for comparison of different in vitro systems regarding metabolites formed. The results showed that GLP-1 was metabolized rapidly in the presence of DPP-4 (t1/2 ≈ 7 min). The main metabolite identified by MMS (< 2 ppm) resulted from N-terminal cleavage after amino acid 8 (Ala), corresponding to GLP-1 (9-37). This observation was in line with reports from literature.  

The same metabolite increased with time in incubates with primary HUVEC, immortalized HUVEC and hepatocytes indicative of functional DPP-4 activity in these cell lines. Turnover in presence of DPP-4 was as well seen for taspoglutide and liraglutide, however at a slower rate compared to GLP-1. Analog to GLP-1 the cleavage sites were assigned after amino acid 8 at the N-terminus resulting in liraglutide (9-37) and taspoglutide(9-37). Taspoglutide in presence of NEP was initially cleaved between the amino acids Ser18-Tyr19 and Tyr19-Leu20 position (analog for liraglutide).

Further peptidic cleavage lead to shorter peptides mainly seen in human hepatocytes. For taspoglutide and liraglutide, mostly the same metabolites were seen in HUVEC cells when compared with the isolated enzyme systems NEP and DPP-4 alone. Preliminary data suggest that no significant qualitative difference was observed between primary and immortalized HUVEC cells for degradation products of GLP-1 and its structural analogs. In conclusion this approach might be used for peptide metabolism investigations. Novel Aspect New software-aided approach to analyze HRMS data to investigate stability and cleavage sites of peptides in different in vitro systems. 

Peptide metabolism: High resolution Mass Spectrometry tool to investigate Peptide structure and amine bond metabolic susceptibility

American Peptide Symposium, Whistler (Canada)… 17 June 2017 

 

Abstract

Several in-silico approaches have been developed such as PeptideCutter to predict peptide cleavage sites for different proteases. Moreover, several databases exist where this information is collected and stored such as MEROPS. Despite these new methodologies there are still some limitations in their usage: inability to handle unnatural amino acids and cyclic peptides. The aim of this work is to develop a new methodology to analyze the mass spectrometry driven experimental data to find those metabolites, then determine their structures, database all the results in a chemistry aware manner and finally to compute the peptide bond susceptibility by using a frequency analysis of the metabolic liability.

This approach uses ultra-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry to obtain the analytical data from incubations of peptides with different enzyme matrices. Metabolite identification was performed on 13 commercial peptide compounds and 4 positive substrates for the four selected proteases (serine and aspartic). The peptides were incubated for three hours with five time points being taken during the experiment. The compounds were diverse with respect to linear and cyclic structure, containing natural and unnatural amino acids and ranged in molecular weight.

The analysis of this data set resulted in 45 metabolites that were annotated in the database. The frequency analysis revealed 26 site of cleavage and the Trp-Ser being the most frequently cleaved bond for all cases. Selectivity was identified for pancreatic elastase and trypsin/chymotrypsin because the Ser-Tyr and Leu-Ser were revealed as a most frequently cleaved bond, respectively. These results agreed with previous studies. 

Peptide catabolite identification using HDMSE data and MassMetaSite processing

66th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Diego (United States of America) … 06 June 2018 

 

Abstract

The study of peptide metabolism is needed to understand the structural elements that contribute to their clearance. Most of the MS techniques available today in peptide Metabolite Identification are based on DDA methods, often with a pre-defined list of ions. This methodology has the limitation that good quality MS 2 spectra are obtained for known metabolites, but possibility missing the unknown ones. Moreover, when the number of possible metabolites is high the preferred list would be too large to be effectively used. DIA methods have less potential to miss metabolites but do not have formally quad-resolved product ion spectra. In this study we report the comparison of DDA and DIA methods – MS Eand ion mobility-MS method (HDMS E) using Mass-MetaSite/WebMetabase processing.

Software assisted analysis for Peptide Catabolism

Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) 35 EPS European Peptide Symposium, Dublin (Ireland) 

Anna Escolà (1,2), Antoni Riera (1,2), Aurora Valeri (3), Ismael Zamora (4,5), Tatiana Radchenko (4,5) 1. 

Abstract

The interest in using peptide molecules as therapeutic agents is due to their high selectivity and efficacy. However, most peptide-derived drugs cannot be administered orally because of their instability in the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve better ADME properties the following chemical modifications are typically applied: substitution of the common L-amino acids to D-amino acids, cyclization of the peptide and others. Somatostatin or Somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF14) is a natural hormone that is being used as gastric anti-secretory drug as well as to treat growth hormone secretion disorders and endocrine tumors. The substitution of phenylalanine, using non-natural aromatic amino acids to enhance the aromatic interactions, naturally present in the hormone between Phe6, Phe7 and Phe11 has been studied before. 

We used a new approach implemented in MassMetaSite to process data-dependent acquisition (DDA) liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analytical data. This data was collected for a set of eight peptide drugs (somatostatin and seven synthetic analogues, containing non-standard amino acids) incubated with human serum. The samples obtained were used to perform metabolite identification, to reveal potential cleavage sites and to store the processed information in a searchable format within a database (WMB). During the metabolite identification study in total 17 metabolites were found resulting in 8 distinct cleavage sites. We compared the percent of remaining parent peptide with respect to the time for all investigated peptides to compute the half-life for each case. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of the chemical modifications on the half-life time of the investigated compounds comparing to the value obtained for somatostatin. All compounds from the dataset were hydrolyzed with the different velocity. More stable compounds were the compounds where following replacements were done both Phe7 to Msa7, Trp8 to D-Trp8 and/or both Cys3 and Cys14 to D-Cys. 

We demonstrate that the developed approach can elucidate metabolite structure of cyclic peptides and those containing unnatural amino acids. The processed information obtained could be stored in a searchable format within a database leading to frequency analysis of the labile sites for the analyzed peptides. This new algorithm may be useful to optimize peptide drug properties with regards to cleavage sites, stability, metabolism, and degradation products in drug discovery. 

Software-aided approach to investigate peptide structure and metabolic susceptibility of amide bonds in peptide drugs based on high resolution mass spectrometry

November 2017

Radchenko T; Brink A; Siegrist Y; Kochansky C; Bateman A; Fontaine F; Morettoni L; Zamora I

Abstract